Deploy a Local Cluster from Binary (Insecure)

Once you've installed CockroachDB, it's simple to run an insecure multi-node cluster locally.

Before you begin

• Make sure you have already installed CockroachDB.
• For quick SQL testing or app development, consider running a single-node cluster instead.
• Running multiple nodes on a single host is useful for testing CockroachDB, but it's not suitable for production. To run a physically distributed cluster, refer to Manual Deployment or Orchestrated Deployment, and review the Production Checklist.

Step 1. Start the cluster

This section shows how to start a cluster interactively. In production, operators usually use a process manager like systemd to start and manage the cockroach process on each node. Refer to Deploy CockroachDB On-Premises.

1. Use the cockroach start command to start the node1 in the foreground:

   $ cockroach start \
   --insecure \
   --store=node1 \
   --listen-addr=localhost:26257 \
   --http-addr=localhost:8080 \
   --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
   

   Note:

   The --background flag is not recommended. If you decide to start nodes in the background, you must also pass the --pid-file argument. To stop a cockroach process running in the background, extract the process ID from the PID file and pass it to the command to stop the node.

   In production, operators usually use a process manager like systemd to start and manage the cockroach process on each node. Refer to Deploy CockroachDB On-Premises.

   You'll see a message like the following:

   *
   * WARNING: RUNNING IN INSECURE MODE!
   *
   * - Your cluster is open for any client that can access localhost.
   * - Any user, even root, can log in without providing a password.
   * - Any user, connecting as root, can read or write any data in your cluster.
   * - There is no network encryption nor authentication, and thus no confidentiality.
   *
   * Check out how to secure your cluster: https://www.cockroachlabs.com/docs/v25.1/secure-a-cluster.html
   *
   *
   * INFO: initial startup completed.
   * Node will now attempt to join a running cluster, or wait for `cockroach init`.
   * Client connections will be accepted after this completes successfully.
   * Check the log file(s) for progress.
   *
   

2. Take a moment to understand the flags you used:

   • The --insecure flag makes communication unencrypted.
   • Since this is a purely local cluster, --listen-addr=localhost:26257 and --http-addr=localhost:8080 tell the node to listen only on localhost, with port 26257 used for internal and client traffic and port 8080 used for HTTP requests from the DB Console.
   • The --store flag indicates the location where the node's data and logs are stored.

   • The --join flag specifies the addresses and ports of the nodes that will initially comprise your cluster. You'll use this exact --join flag when starting other nodes as well.

     For a cluster in a single region, set 3-5 --join addresses. Each starting node will attempt to contact one of the join hosts. In case a join host cannot be reached, the node will try another address on the list until it can join the gossip network.

3. In new terminal windows, start node2 and node3:

   $ cockroach start \
   --insecure \
   --store=node2 \
   --listen-addr=localhost:26258 \
   --http-addr=localhost:8081 \
   --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
   

   $ cockroach start \
   --insecure \
   --store=node3 \
   --listen-addr=localhost:26259 \
   --http-addr=localhost:8082 \
   --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
   

   These commands are the same as before but with unique --store, --listen-addr, and --http-addr flags.

4. Use the cockroach init command to perform a one-time initialization of the cluster, sending the request to any node on the --join list:

   $ cockroach init --insecure --host=localhost:26257
   

   You'll see the following message:

   Cluster successfully initialized
   

   At this point, each node also prints helpful startup details to its log, and to STDOUT in the terminal window where the node was started. For example, the following command retrieves node1's startup details:

   $ grep 'node starting' node1/logs/cockroach.log -A 11
   

   The output will look something like this:

   CockroachDB node starting at 
   build:               CCL v25.1.0-alpha.1 @ 2024-12-19 00:00:00 (go1.12.6)
   webui:               http://localhost:8080
   sql:                 postgresql://root@localhost:26257?sslmode=disable
   RPC client flags:    cockroach <client cmd> --host=localhost:26257 --insecure
   logs:                /Users/<username>/node1/logs
   temp dir:            /Users/<username>/node1/cockroach-temp242232154
   external I/O path:   /Users/<username>/node1/extern
   store[0]:            path=/Users/<username>/node1
   status:              initialized new cluster
   clusterID:           8a681a16-9623-4fc1-a537-77e9255daafd
   nodeID:              1
   

Step 2. Use the built-in SQL client

Now that your cluster is live, you can use any node as a SQL gateway. To test this out, let's use CockroachDB's built-in SQL client.

1. In a new terminal, run the cockroach sql command and connect to node1:

   $ cockroach sql --insecure --host=localhost:26257
   

   To exit the SQL shell at any time, you can use the \q command:

   > \q
   

2. Run some basic CockroachDB SQL statements:

   > CREATE DATABASE bank;
   

   > CREATE TABLE bank.accounts (id INT PRIMARY KEY, balance DECIMAL);
   

   > INSERT INTO bank.accounts VALUES (1, 1000.50);
   

   > SELECT * FROM bank.accounts;
   

     id | balance
   +----+---------+
      1 | 1000.50
   (1 row)
   

3. In a new terminal window, open a new SQL shell and connect to node2:

   $ cockroach sql --insecure --host=localhost:26258
   

   Note:

   In a real deployment, all nodes would likely use the default port 26257, and so you wouldn't need to set the port portion of --host.

4. Run the same SELECT query as before:

   > SELECT * FROM bank.accounts;
   

     id | balance
   +----+---------+
      1 | 1000.50
   (1 row)
   

   As you can see, node 1 and node 2 behaved identically as SQL gateways.

5. Exit all SQL shell sessions by issuing the \q command in the terminals where they are running:

   > \q
   

Step 3. Run a sample workload

CockroachDB also comes with a number of built-in workloads for simulating client traffic. Let's run the workload based on CockroachDB's sample vehicle-sharing application, MovR.

1. Load the initial dataset:

   $ cockroach workload init movr \
   'postgresql://root@localhost:26257?sslmode=disable'
   

   I190926 16:50:35.663708 1 workload/workloadsql/dataload.go:135  imported users (0s, 50 rows)
   I190926 16:50:35.682583 1 workload/workloadsql/dataload.go:135  imported vehicles (0s, 15 rows)
   I190926 16:50:35.769572 1 workload/workloadsql/dataload.go:135  imported rides (0s, 500 rows)
   I190926 16:50:35.836619 1 workload/workloadsql/dataload.go:135  imported vehicle_location_histories (0s, 1000 rows)
   I190926 16:50:35.915498 1 workload/workloadsql/dataload.go:135  imported promo_codes (0s, 1000 rows)
   

2. Run the workload for 5 minutes:

   $ cockroach workload run movr \
   --duration=5m \
   'postgresql://root@localhost:26257?sslmode=disable'
   

Step 4. Access the DB Console

The CockroachDB DB Console gives you insight into the overall health of your cluster as well as the performance of the client workload.

1. Go to http://localhost:8080.

2. On the Cluster Overview, notice that three nodes are live, with an identical replica count on each node:

   

   This demonstrates CockroachDB's automated replication of data via the Raft consensus protocol.

   Note:

   Capacity metrics can be incorrect when running multiple nodes on a single machine. For more details, see this limitation.

3. Click Metrics to access a variety of time series dashboards, including graphs of SQL queries and service latency over time:

   

4. Use the Databases, Statements, and Jobs pages to view details about your databases and tables, to assess the performance of specific queries, and to monitor the status of long-running operations like schema changes, respectively.

Step 5. Simulate node maintenance

1. In a new terminal, gracefully shut down a node. This is normally done prior to node maintenance:

   Get the process IDs of the nodes:

   ps -ef | grep cockroach | grep -v grep
   

     501  4482     1   0  2:41PM ttys000    0:09.78 cockroach start --insecure --store=node1 --listen-addr=localhost:26257 --http-addr=localhost:8080 --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
     501  4497     1   0  2:41PM ttys000    0:08.54 cockroach start --insecure --store=node2 --listen-addr=localhost:26258 --http-addr=localhost:8081 --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
     501  4503     1   0  2:41PM ttys000    0:08.54 cockroach start --insecure --store=node3 --listen-addr=localhost:26259 --http-addr=localhost:8082 --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
   

   Gracefully shut down node3, specifying its process ID:

   kill -TERM 4503
   

2. In the DB Console, despite one node being "suspect", notice the continued SQL traffic:

   

3. Go to the terminal window for node3 and restart it:

   $ cockroach start \
   --insecure \
   --store=node3 \
   --listen-addr=localhost:26259 \
   --http-addr=localhost:8082 \
   --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
   

Step 6. Scale the cluster

Adding capacity is as simple as starting more nodes with cockroach start.

1. In new terminal windows, start two more nodes:

   $ cockroach start \
   --insecure \
   --store=node4 \
   --listen-addr=localhost:26260 \
   --http-addr=localhost:8083 \
   --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
   

   $ cockroach start \
   --insecure \
   --store=node5 \
   --listen-addr=localhost:26261 \
   --http-addr=localhost:8084 \
   --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
   

   Again, these commands are the same as before but with unique --store, --listen-addr, and --http-addr flags.

2. In the DB Console Cluster Overview page, confirm that the cluster now has five nodes.

   

   At first, the replica count will be lower for node4 and node5. Very soon, however, you'll see those numbers even out across all nodes, indicating that data is being automatically rebalanced to utilize the additional capacity of the new nodes.

Step 7. Stop the cluster

1. When you're done with your test cluster, stop the nodes.

   Get the process IDs of the nodes:

   ps -ef | grep cockroach | grep -v grep
   

     501  4482     1   0  2:41PM ttys000    0:09.78 cockroach start --insecure --store=node1 --listen-addr=localhost:26257 --http-addr=localhost:8080 --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
     501  4497     1   0  2:41PM ttys000    0:08.54 cockroach start --insecure --store=node2 --listen-addr=localhost:26258 --http-addr=localhost:8081 --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
     501  4503     1   0  2:41PM ttys000    0:08.54 cockroach start --insecure --store=node3 --listen-addr=localhost:26259 --http-addr=localhost:8082 --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
     501  4510     1   0  2:42PM ttys000    0:08.46 cockroach start --insecure --store=node4 --listen-addr=localhost:26260 --http-addr=localhost:8083 --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
     501  4622     1   0  2:43PM ttys000    0:02.51 cockroach start --insecure --store=node5 --listen-addr=localhost:26261 --http-addr=localhost:8084 --join=localhost:26257,localhost:26258,localhost:26259
   

   Gracefully shut down each node by sending the SIGTERM signal to the cockroach process:

   kill -TERM 4482
   

   Repeat this command for each node.

   Note:

   For node4 and node5, the shutdown process will take longer (about a minute each) and will eventually force the nodes to stop. Because only two of the five nodes are now running, the cluster has lost quorum and is no longer operational.

2. To restart the cluster at a later time, run the same cockroach start commands as earlier from the directory containing the nodes' data stores.

3. If you do not plan to restart the cluster, you may want to remove the nodes' data stores:

   $ rm -rf node1 node2 node3 node4 node5
   

What's next?

• Install the client driver for your preferred language
• Learn more about CockroachDB SQL and the built-in SQL client
• Build an app with CockroachDB
• Further explore CockroachDB capabilities like fault tolerance and automated repair, multi-region performance, serializable transactions, and JSON support