Deploy CockroachDB on AWS EC2 (Insecure)

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This page shows you how to manually deploy an insecure multi-node CockroachDB cluster on Amazon's AWS EC2 platform, using AWS's managed load balancing service to distribute client traffic.

Warning:

If you plan to use CockroachDB in production, we strongly recommend using a secure cluster instead. Select Secure above for instructions.

Requirements

You must have SSH access to each machine. This is necessary for distributing and starting CockroachDB binaries.
Your network configuration must allow TCP communication on the following ports:
- 26257 for intra-cluster and client-cluster communication
- 8080 to expose your Admin UI

Recommendations

If you plan to use CockroachDB in production, carefully review the Production Checklist.
Consider using a secure cluster instead. Using an insecure cluster comes with risks:
- Your cluster is open to any client that can access any node's IP addresses.
- Any user, even root, can log in without providing a password.
- Any user, connecting as root, can read or write any data in your cluster.
- There is no network encryption or authentication, and thus no confidentiality.

Decide how you want to access your Admin UI:

Access Level	Description
Partially open	Set a firewall rule to allow only specific IP addresses to communicate on port `8080`.
Completely open	Set a firewall rule to allow all IP addresses to communicate on port `8080`.
Completely closed	Set a firewall rule to disallow all communication on port `8080`. In this case, a machine with SSH access to a node could use an SSH tunnel to access the Admin UI.

All instances running CockroachDB should be members of the same Security Group.

Step 1. Configure your network

CockroachDB requires TCP communication on two ports:

26257 for inter-node communication (i.e., working as a cluster), for applications to connect to the load balancer, and for routing from the load balancer to nodes
8080 for exposing your Admin UI

You can create these rules using Security Groups' Inbound Rules.

Inter-node and load balancer-node communication

Field	Recommended Value
Type	Custom TCP Rule
Protocol	TCP
Port Range	26257
Source	The name of your security group (e.g., sg-07ab277a)

Admin UI

Field	Recommended Value
Type	Custom TCP Rule
Protocol	TCP
Port Range	8080
Source	Your network's IP ranges

Application data

Field	Recommended Value
Type	Custom TCP Rules
Protocol	TCP
Port Range	26257
Source	Your application's IP ranges

Step 2. Create instances

Create an instance for each node you plan to have in your cluster. If you plan to run a sample workload against the cluster, create a separate instance for that workload.

Run at least 3 nodes to ensure survivability.
Use m (general purpose), c (compute-optimized), or i (storage-optimized) instances, with SSD-backed EBS volumes or Instance Store volumes. For example, Cockroach Labs has used m3.large instances (2 vCPUs and 7.5 GiB of RAM per instance) for internal testing.
Do not use "burstable" t2 instances, which limit the load on a single core.

For more details, see Hardware Recommendations and Cluster Topology.

Step 3. Synchronize clocks

CockroachDB requires moderate levels of clock synchronization to preserve data consistency. For this reason, when a node detects that its clock is out of sync with at least half of the other nodes in the cluster by 80% of the maximum offset allowed (500ms by default), it spontaneously shuts down. This avoids the risk of consistency anomalies, but it's best to prevent clocks from drifting too far in the first place by running clock synchronization software on each node.

Amazon provides the Amazon Time Sync Service, which uses a fleet of satellite-connected and atomic reference clocks in each AWS Region to deliver accurate current time readings. The service also smears the leap second.

If you plan to run your entire cluster on AWS, configure each AWS instance to use the internal Amazon Time Sync Service.
However, if you plan to run a hybrid cluster across AWS and other cloud providers or environments, configure all machines to use Google's external NTP service, which is comparably accurate and also handles "smearing" the leap second.

Step 4. Set up load balancing

Each CockroachDB node is an equally suitable SQL gateway to your cluster, but to ensure client performance and reliability, it's important to use load balancing:

Performance: Load balancers spread client traffic across nodes. This prevents any one node from being overwhelmed by requests and improves overall cluster performance (queries per second).
Reliability: Load balancers decouple client health from the health of a single CockroachDB node. In cases where a node fails, the load balancer redirects client traffic to available nodes.

AWS offers fully-managed load balancing to distribute traffic between instances.

Add AWS load balancing. Be sure to:
- Set forwarding rules to route TCP traffic from the load balancer's port 26257 to port 26257 on the nodes.
- Configure health checks to use HTTP port 8080 and path /health?ready=1. This health endpoint ensures that load balancers do not direct traffic to nodes that are live but not ready to receive requests.
Note the provisioned IP Address for the load balancer. You'll use this later to test load balancing and to connect your application to the cluster.

Note:

If you would prefer to use HAProxy instead of AWS's managed load balancing, see the On-Premises tutorial for guidance.

Step 5. Start nodes

You can start the nodes manually or automate the process using systemd.

For each initial node of your cluster, complete the following steps:

Note:

After completing these steps, nodes will not yet be live. They will complete the startup process and join together to form a cluster as soon as the cluster is initialized in the next step.

SSH to the machine where you want the node to run.
Download the CockroachDB archive for Linux, and extract the binary:
```
$ curl https://binaries.cockroachdb.com/cockroach-v2.0.7.linux-amd64.tgz \
| tar -xz
```
Copy the binary into the PATH:
```
$ cp -i cockroach-v2.0.7.linux-amd64/cockroach /usr/local/bin/
```
If you get a permissions error, prefix the command with sudo.

Run the cockroach start command:

$ cockroach start \
--insecure \
--advertise-host=<node1 address> \
--join=<node1 address>:26257,<node2 address>:26257,<node3 address>:26257 \
--cache=.25 \
--max-sql-memory=.25 \
--background

This command primes the node to start, using the following flags:

Flag	Description
`--insecure`	Indicates that the cluster is insecure, with no network encryption or authentication.
`--advertise-host`	Specifies the IP address or hostname to tell other nodes to use. This value must route to an IP address the node is listening on (with `--host` unspecified, the node listens on all IP addresses). In some networking scenarios, you may need to use `--advertise-host` and/or `--host` differently. For more details, see Networking.
`--join`	Identifies the address and port of 3-5 of the initial nodes of the cluster. These addresses should match the addresses that the target nodes are advertising.
`--cache` `--max-sql-memory`	Increases the node's cache and temporary SQL memory size to 25% of available system memory to improve read performance and increase capacity for in-memory SQL processing. For more details, see Cache and SQL Memory Size.
`--background`	Starts the node in the background so you gain control of the terminal to issue more commands.

When deploying across multiple datacenters, or when there is otherwise high latency between nodes, it is recommended to set --locality as well. It is also required to use certain enterprise features. For more details, see Locality.

For other flags not explicitly set, the command uses default values. For example, the node stores data in --store=cockroach-data, binds internal and client communication to --port=26257, and binds Admin UI HTTP requests to --http-port=8080. To set these options manually, see Start a Node.

Repeat these steps for each additional node that you want in your cluster.

For each initial node of your cluster, complete the following steps:

Note:

After completing these steps, nodes will not yet be live. They will complete the startup process and join together to form a cluster as soon as the cluster is initialized in the next step.

SSH to the machine where you want the node to run. Ensure you are logged in as the root user.
Download the CockroachDB archive for Linux, and extract the binary:
```
$ curl https://binaries.cockroachdb.com/cockroach-v2.0.7.linux-amd64.tgz \
| tar -xz
```
Copy the binary into the PATH:
```
$ cp -i cockroach-v2.0.7.linux-amd64/cockroach /usr/local/bin/
```
If you get a permissions error, prefix the command with sudo.
Create the Cockroach directory:
```
$ mkdir /var/lib/cockroach
```
Create a Unix user named cockroach:
```
$ useradd cockroach
```
Change the ownership of Cockroach directory to the user cockroach:
```
$ chown cockroach /var/lib/cockroach
```

Download the sample configuration template and save the file in the /etc/systemd/system/ directory:

$ wget -qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/docs/master/_includes/v2.0/prod-deployment/insecurecockroachdb.service

Alternatively, you can create the file yourself and copy the script into it:

[Unit]
Description=Cockroach Database cluster node
Requires=network.target
[Service]
Type=notify
WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/cockroach
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/cockroach start --insecure --advertise-host=<node1 address> --join=<node1 address>:26257,<node2 address>:26257,<node3 address>:26257 --cache=.25 --max-sql-memory=.25
TimeoutStopSec=60
Restart=always
RestartSec=10
StandardOutput=syslog
StandardError=syslog
SyslogIdentifier=cockroach
User=cockroach
[Install]
WantedBy=default.target

In the sample configuration template, specify values for the following flags:

Flag	Description
`--advertise-host`	Specifies the IP address or hostname to tell other nodes to use. This value must route to an IP address the node is listening on (with `--host` unspecified, the node listens on all IP addresses). In some networking scenarios, you may need to use `--advertise-host` and/or `--host` differently. For more details, see Networking.
`--join`	Identifies the address and port of 3-5 of the initial nodes of the cluster. These addresses should match the addresses that the target nodes are advertising.

Start the CockroachDB cluster:
```
$ systemctl start insecurecockroachdb
```
Repeat these steps for each additional node that you want in your cluster.

Note:

systemd handles node restarts in case of node failure. To stop a node without systemd restarting it, run systemctl stop insecurecockroachdb

Step 6. Initialize the cluster

On your local machine, complete the node startup process and have them join together as a cluster:

Install CockroachDB on your local machine, if you haven't already.
Run the cockroach init command, with the --host flag set to the address of any node:
```
$ cockroach init --insecure --host=<address of any node>
```
Each node then prints helpful details to the standard output, such as the CockroachDB version, the URL for the admin UI, and the SQL URL for clients.

Step 7. Test the cluster

CockroachDB replicates and distributes data for you behind-the-scenes and uses a Gossip protocol to enable each node to locate data across the cluster.

To test this, use the built-in SQL client locally as follows:

On your local machine, launch the built-in SQL client, with the --host flag set to the address of any node:
```
$ cockroach sql --insecure --host=<address of any node>
```
Create an insecurenodetest database:
```
> CREATE DATABASE insecurenodetest;
```
Use \q or ctrl-d to exit the SQL shell.
Launch the built-in SQL client, with the --host flag set to the address of a different node:
```
$ cockroach sql --insecure --host=<address of different node>
```

View the cluster's databases, which will include insecurenodetest:

> SHOW DATABASES;

+--------------------+
|      Database      |
+--------------------+
| crdb_internal      |
| information_schema |
| insecurenodetest   |
| pg_catalog         |
| system             |
+--------------------+
(5 rows)

Use \q or ctrl-d to exit the SQL shell.

Step 8. Run a sample workload

CockroachDB offers a pre-built workload binary for Linux that includes several load generators for simulating client traffic against your cluster. This step features CockroachDB's version of the TPC-C workload.

Tip:

For comprehensive guidance on benchmarking CockroachDB with TPC-C, see our Performance Benchmarking white paper.

SSH to the machine where you want the run the sample TPC-C workload.

This should be a machine that is not running a CockroachDB node.

Download workload and make it executable:

$ wget https://edge-binaries.cockroachdb.com/cockroach/workload.LATEST ; chmod 755 workload.LATEST

Rename and copy workload into the PATH:
```
$ cp -i workload.LATEST /usr/local/bin/workload
```
Start the TPC-C workload, pointing it at the IP address of the load balancer:
```
$ workload run tpcc \
--drop \
--init \
--duration=20m \
--tolerate-errors \
"postgresql://root@<IP ADDRESS OF LOAD BALANCER:26257/tpcc?sslmode=disable"
```
This command runs the TPC-C workload against the cluster for 20 minutes, loading 1 "warehouse" of data initially and then issuing about 12 queries per minute via 10 "worker" threads. These workers share SQL connections since individual workers are idle for long periods of time between queries.

Tip:
For more tpcc options, use workload run tpcc --help. For details about other load generators included in workload, use workload run --help.
To monitor the load generator's progress, open the Admin UI by pointing a browser to the address in the admin field in the standard output of any node on startup.

Since the load generator is pointed at the load balancer, the connections will be evenly distributed across nodes. To verify this, click Metrics on the left, select the SQL dashboard, and then check the SQL Connections graph. You can use the Graph menu to filter the graph for specific nodes.

Step 9. Set up monitoring and alerting

Despite CockroachDB's various built-in safeguards against failure, it is critical to actively monitor the overall health and performance of a cluster running in production and to create alerting rules that promptly send notifications when there are events that require investigation or intervention.

For details about available monitoring options and the most important events and metrics to alert on, see Monitoring and Alerting.

Step 10. Scale the cluster

You can start the nodes manually or automate the process using systemd.

For each additional node you want to add to the cluster, complete the following steps:

SSH to the machine where you want the node to run.
Download the CockroachDB archive for Linux, and extract the binary:
```
$ curl https://binaries.cockroachdb.com/cockroach-v2.0.7.linux-amd64.tgz \
| tar -xz
```
Copy the binary into the PATH:
```
$ cp -i cockroach-v2.0.7.linux-amd64/cockroach /usr/local/bin/
```
If you get a permissions error, prefix the command with sudo.

Run the cockroach start command just like you did for the initial nodes:

$ cockroach start --insecure \
--host=<node4 address> \
--locality=<key-value pairs> \
--cache=.25 \
--max-sql-memory=.25 \
--join=<node1 address>:26257,<node2 address>:26257,<node3 address>:26257 \
--background

Update your load balancer to recognize the new node.

For each additional node you want to add to the cluster, complete the following steps:

SSH to the machine where you want the node to run. Ensure you are logged in as the root user.
Download the CockroachDB archive for Linux, and extract the binary:
```
$ curl https://binaries.cockroachdb.com/cockroach-v2.0.7.linux-amd64.tgz \
| tar -xz
```
Copy the binary into the PATH:
```
$ cp -i cockroach-v2.0.7.linux-amd64/cockroach /usr/local/bin/
```
If you get a permissions error, prefix the command with sudo.
Create the Cockroach directory:
```
$ mkdir /var/lib/cockroach
```
Create a Unix user named cockroach:
```
$ useradd cockroach
```
Change the ownership of Cockroach directory to the user cockroach:
```
$ chown cockroach /var/lib/cockroach
```

Download the sample configuration template:

$ wget -qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cockroachdb/docs/master/_includes/v2.0/prod-deployment/insecurecockroachdb.service

Alternatively, you can create the file yourself and copy the script into it:

[Unit]
Description=Cockroach Database cluster node
Requires=network.target
[Service]
Type=notify
WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/cockroach
ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/cockroach start --insecure --advertise-host=<node1 address> --join=<node1 address>:26257,<node2 address>:26257,<node3 address>:26257 --cache=.25 --max-sql-memory=.25
TimeoutStopSec=60
Restart=always
RestartSec=10
StandardOutput=syslog
StandardError=syslog
SyslogIdentifier=cockroach
User=cockroach
[Install]
WantedBy=default.target

Save the file in the /etc/systemd/system/ directory

Customize the sample configuration template for your deployment:

Specify values for the following flags in the sample configuration template:

Flag Description

--host Specifies the hostname or IP address to listen on for intra-cluster and client communication, as well as to identify the node in the Admin UI. If it is a hostname, it must be resolvable from all nodes, and if it is an IP address, it must be routable from all nodes.

If you want the node to listen on multiple interfaces, leave --host empty.

If you want the node to communicate with other nodes on an internal address (e.g., within a private network) while listening on all interfaces, leave --host empty and set the --advertise-host flag to the internal address.

--join Identifies the address and port of 3-5 of the initial nodes of the cluster.

Repeat these steps for each additional node that you want in your cluster.

Flag	Description
`--host`	Specifies the hostname or IP address to listen on for intra-cluster and client communication, as well as to identify the node in the Admin UI. If it is a hostname, it must be resolvable from all nodes, and if it is an IP address, it must be routable from all nodes. If you want the node to listen on multiple interfaces, leave `--host` empty. If you want the node to communicate with other nodes on an internal address (e.g., within a private network) while listening on all interfaces, leave `--host` empty and set the `--advertise-host` flag to the internal address.
`--join`	Identifies the address and port of 3-5 of the initial nodes of the cluster.

Step 11. Use the cluster

Now that your deployment is working, you can:

Implement your data model.
Create users and grant them privileges.
Connect your application. Be sure to connect your application to the AWS load balancer, not to a CockroachDB node.

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Deploy CockroachDB on AWS EC2 (Insecure)

Requirements

Recommendations

Step 1. Configure your network

Inter-node and load balancer-node communication

Admin UI

Application data

Step 2. Create instances

Step 3. Synchronize clocks

Step 4. Set up load balancing

Step 5. Start nodes

Step 6. Initialize the cluster

Step 7. Test the cluster

Step 8. Run a sample workload

Step 9. Set up monitoring and alerting

Step 10. Scale the cluster

Step 11. Use the cluster

See Also