EXPERIMENTAL CHANGEFEED FOR

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The EXPERIMENTAL CHANGEFEED FOR statement creates a new core changefeed, which streams row-level changes to the client indefinitely until the underlying connection is closed or the changefeed is canceled. A core changefeed can watch one table or multiple tables in a comma-separated list.

For more information, see Change Data Capture.

Required privileges

Changefeeds can only be created by superusers, i.e., members of the admin role. The admin role exists by default with root as the member.

Considerations

• Because core changefeeds return results differently than other SQL statements, they require a dedicated database connection with specific settings around result buffering. In normal operation, CockroachDB improves performance by buffering results server-side before returning them to a client; however, result buffering is automatically turned off for core changefeeds. Core changefeeds also have different cancellation behavior than other queries: they can only be canceled by closing the underlying connection or issuing a CANCEL QUERY statement on a separate connection. Combined, these attributes of changefeeds mean that applications should explicitly create dedicated connections to consume changefeed data, instead of using a connection pool as most client drivers do by default.

  This cancellation behavior (i.e., close the underlying connection to cancel the changefeed) also extends to client driver usage; in particular, when a client driver calls Rows.Close() after encountering errors for a stream of rows. The pgwire protocol requires that the rows be consumed before the connection is again usable, but in the case of a core changefeed, the rows are never consumed. It is therefore critical that you close the connection, otherwise the application will be blocked forever on Rows.Close().

• In most cases, each version of a row will be emitted once. However, some infrequent conditions (e.g., node failures, network partitions) will cause them to be repeated. This gives our changefeeds an at-least-once delivery guarantee. For more information, see Change Data Capture - Ordering Guarantees.

Synopsis

> EXPERIMENTAL CHANGEFEED FOR table_name [ WITH (option [= value] [, ...]) ];

Parameters

Options

Avro limitations

Currently, support for Avro is limited and experimental. Below is a list of unsupported SQL types and values for Avro changefeeds:

• Decimals must have precision specified.

• Decimals with NaN or infinite values cannot be written in Avro.

  Note:

  To avoid NaN or infinite values, add a CHECK constraint to prevent these values from being inserted into decimal columns.

• time, date, interval, uuid, inet, array, and jsonb are not supported in Avro yet.

Examples

Create a changefeed

In this example, you'll set up a core changefeed for a single-node cluster.

1. Use the cockroach start-single-node command to start a single-node cluster:

   $ cockroach start-single-node \
   --insecure \
   --listen-addr=localhost \
   --background
   

2. As the root user, open the built-in SQL client:

   $ cockroach sql \
   --format=csv \
   --insecure
   

   Note:

   To determine how wide the columns need to be, the default table display format in cockroach sql buffers the results it receives from the server before printing them to the console. When consuming core changefeed data using cockroach sql, it's important to use a display format like csv that does not buffer its results. To set the display format, use the --format=csv flag when starting the built-in SQL client, or set the \set display_format=csv option once the SQL client is open.

3. Enable the kv.rangefeed.enabled cluster setting:

   > SET CLUSTER SETTING kv.rangefeed.enabled = true;
   

4. Create table foo:

   > CREATE TABLE foo (a INT PRIMARY KEY);
   

5. Insert a row into the table:

   > INSERT INTO foo VALUES (0);
   

6. Start the core changefeed:

   > EXPERIMENTAL CHANGEFEED FOR foo
       WITH resolved = '10s';
   

   table,key,value
   foo,[0],"{""after"": {""a"": 0}}"
   NULL,NULL,"{""resolved"":""1590611959605806000.0000000000""}"
   

   This changefeed will emit resolved timestamps every 10 seconds. Depending on how quickly you insert into your watched table, the output could look different than what is shown here.

7. In a new terminal, add another row:

   $ cockroach sql --insecure -e "INSERT INTO foo VALUES (1)"
   

8. Back in the terminal where the core changefeed is streaming, the following output has appeared:

   table,key,value
   foo,[0],"{""after"": {""a"": 0}}"
   NULL,NULL,"{""resolved"":""1590611959605806000.0000000000""}"
   foo,[1],"{""after"": {""a"": 1}}"
   NULL,NULL,"{""resolved"":""1590611970141415000.0000000000""}"
   

   Note that records may take a couple of seconds to display in the core changefeed.

9. To stop streaming the changefeed, enter CTRL+C into the terminal where the changefeed is running.

10. To stop cockroach, run:

    $ cockroach quit --insecure
    

Create a changefeed with Avro

In this example, you'll set up a core changefeed for a single-node cluster that emits Avro records. CockroachDB's Avro binary encoding convention uses the Confluent Schema Registry to store Avro schemas.

1. Use the cockroach start-single-node command to start a single-node cluster:

   $ cockroach start-single-node \
   --insecure \
   --listen-addr=localhost \
   --background
   

2. Download and extract the Confluent Open Source platform.

3. Move into the extracted confluent-<version> directory and start Confluent:

   $ ./bin/confluent start
   

   Only zookeeper, kafka, and schema-registry are needed. To troubleshoot Confluent, see their docs.

4. As the root user, open the built-in SQL client:

   $ cockroach sql \
     --format=csv \
     --insecure
   

   Note:

   To determine how wide the columns need to be, the default table display format in cockroach sql buffers the results it receives from the server before printing them to the console. When consuming core changefeed data using cockroach sql, it's important to use a display format like csv that does not buffer its results. To set the display format, use the --format=csv flag when starting the built-in SQL client, or set the \set display_format=csv option once the SQL client is open.

5. Enable the kv.rangefeed.enabled cluster setting:

   > SET CLUSTER SETTING kv.rangefeed.enabled = true;
   

6. Create table bar:

   > CREATE TABLE bar (a INT PRIMARY KEY);
   

7. Insert a row into the table:

   > INSERT INTO bar VALUES (0);
   

8. Start the core changefeed:

   > EXPERIMENTAL CHANGEFEED FOR bar \
       WITH format = experimental_avro, confluent_schema_registry = 'http://localhost:8081', resolved = '10s';
   

   table,key,value
   bar,\000\000\000\000\001\002\000,\000\000\000\000\002\002\002\000
   NULL,NULL,\000\000\000\000\003\002<1590612821682559000.0000000000
   

   This changefeed will emit resolved timestamps every 10 seconds. Depending on how quickly you insert into your watched table, the output could look different than what is shown here.

9. In a new terminal, add another row:

   $ cockroach sql --insecure -e "INSERT INTO bar VALUES (1)"
   

10. Back in the terminal where the core changefeed is streaming, the output will appear:

    bar,\000\000\000\000\001\002\002,\000\000\000\000\002\002\002\002
    NULL,NULL,\000\000\000\000\003\002<1590612831891317000.0000000000
    

    Note that records may take a couple of seconds to display in the core changefeed.

11. To stop streaming the changefeed, enter CTRL+C into the terminal where the changefeed is running.

12. To stop cockroach, run:

    $ cockroach quit --insecure
    

13. To stop Confluent, move into the extracted confluent-<version> directory and stop Confluent:

    $ ./bin/confluent stop
    

    To terminate all Confluent processes, use:

    $ ./bin/confluent destroy
    

See also

• Change Data Capture
• Other SQL Statements

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