Start a Cluster in Docker (Insecure)

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Once you've installed the official CockroachDB Docker image, it's simple to run an insecure multi-node cluster across multiple Docker containers on a single host, using Docker volumes to persist node data.

Tip:

To try CockroachDB Cloud instead of running CockroachDB yourself, refer to the Cloud Quickstart.

Warning:

The --insecure flag used in this tutorial is intended for non-production testing only. To run CockroachDB in production, use a secure cluster instead.

Before you begin

Make sure you have already installed the official CockroachDB Docker image.
For quick SQL testing or app development, consider running a single-node cluster instead.
Note that running multiple nodes on a single host is useful for testing CockroachDB, but it's not suitable for production. To run a physically distributed cluster in containers, use an orchestration tool like Kubernetes. See Orchestration for more details, and review the Production Checklist.

Step 1. Create a bridge network

Since you'll be running multiple Docker containers on a single host, with one CockroachDB node per container, create a Docker bridge network. The network has configurable properties such as a pool of IP addresses, network gateway, and routing rules. All nodes will connect to this network and can communicate openly by default, but incoming traffic can reach a container only through the container's published port mappings, as described in Step 3: Start the cluster. Because the network is a bridge, from the point of view of the client, the Docker host seems to service the request directly.

docker network create -d bridge roachnet

Tip:

To customize your bridge network or create a different type of Docker network, refer to Docker's documentation for docker network create.

In subsequent steps, replace roachnet with the name of your Docker network.

Step 2: Create Docker volumes for each cluster node

Cockroach Labs recommends that you store cluster data in Docker volumes rather than in the storage layer of the running container. Using a volume has the following advantages over using bind mounts or writing directly to the running container's filesystem.

Volumes are managed entirely by Docker. A bind mount mounts an arbitrary directory on the Docker host into the container, and that directory could potentially be modified or deleted by any process with permission.
Volumes persist even if the containers that were using it are deleted. A container's local storage is temporarily unavailable if the container is stopped, and is permanently removed if the container is deleted.
When compared to a container's local storage, writing to either a local volume or a bind mount has considerably better performance because it uses fewer kernel system calls on the Docker host. For an explanation, refer to Manage Data in Docker.
A volume can be backed up, restored, or migrated to a different container or Docker host. Refer to Back Up, Restore, or Migrate Data Volumes.
A volume can be pre-populated before connecting it to a container. Refer to Populate a Volume Using a Container.
A volume can be backed by local storage, a cloud storage resource, SSH, NFS, Samba, or raw block storage, among others. For details, refer to Use a Volume Driver.

Warning:

Avoid using the -v / --volume command to mount a local macOS filesystem into the container. Use Docker volumes or a tmpfs mount.

Create a Docker volume for each container. You can create only one volume at a time.

docker volume create roach1

docker volume create roach2

docker volume create roach3

Step 3. Start the cluster

This section shows how to start a three-node cluster where:

Each node will store its data in a unique Docker volume.
Each node will listen for SQL and HTTP connections at a unique port each on the roachnet network, and these ports are published. Client requests to the Docker host at a given port are forwarded to the container that is publishing that port. Nodes do not listen on localhost.
Each node will listen and advertise for inter-node cluster traffic at port 26357 on the roachnet network. This port is not published, so inter-node traffic does not leave this network.

Note:

When SQL and inter-node traffic are separated, some client commands need to be modified with a --host flag or a --uri connection string. Some commands, such as cockroach init, default to port 26257 but must use the inter-node traffic port (the --listen-addr or --advertise-addr) rather than the SQL traffic port when traffic is separated.

Start the first node and configure it to listen on roach1:26257 for SQL clients and roach1:8080 for the DB Console and to publish these ports, and to use roach1:26357for inter-node traffic. The Docker host will forward traffic to a published port to the publishing container.

CockroachDB starts in insecure mode and a certs directory is not created.
```
docker run -d '
--name=roach1 '
--hostname=roach1 '
--net=roachnet '
-p 26257:26257 '
-p 8080:8080 '
-v "roach1:/cockroach/cockroach-data" '
cockroachdb/cockroach:v22.2.19 start '
  --advertise-addr=roach1:26357 '
  --http-addr=roach1:8080 '
  --listen-addr=roach1:26357 '
  --sql-addr=roach1:26257 '
  --insecure '
  --join=roach1:26357,roach2:26357,roach3:26357
```
This command creates a container and starts the first CockroachDB node inside it. Take a moment to understand each part:
- docker run: The Docker command to start a new container.
- -d: This flag runs the container in the background so you can continue the next steps in the same shell.
- --name: The name for the container. This is optional, but a custom name makes it significantly easier to reference the container in other commands, for example, when opening a Bash session in the container or stopping the container.
- --hostname: The hostname for the container. You will use this to join other containers/nodes to the cluster.
- --net: The bridge network for the container to join. See step 1 for more details.
- -p 26257:26257 -p 8080:8080: These flags map the default port for inter-node and client-node communication (26257) and the default port for HTTP requests to the DB Console (8080) from the container to the host. This enables inter-container communication and makes it possible to call up the DB Console from a browser.
- -v "roach1:/cockroach/cockroach-data": This flag mounts the roach1 Docker volume into the container's filesystem at /cockroach/cockroach-data/. This volume will contain data and logs for the container, and the volume will persist after the container is stopped or deleted. For more details, see Docker's volumes documentation.
- cockroachdb/cockroach:v22.2.19 start (...) --join: The CockroachDB command to start a node in the container. The --advertise-addr, --http-addr, --listen-addr, and --sql-addr flags cause CockroachDB to listen on separate ports for inter-node traffic, DB Console traffic, and SQL traffic. The --join flag contains each node's hostname or IP address and the port where it listens for inter-node traffic from other nodes.
Start the second node and configure it to listen on roach2:26258 for SQL clients and roach2:8081 for the DB Console and to publish these ports, and to use roach2:26357for inter-node traffic. The offsets for the published ports avoid conflicts with roach1's published ports. The named volume roach2 is mounted in the container at /cockroach/cockroach-data.

CockroachDB starts in insecure mode and a certs directory is not created.
```
docker run -d '
  --name=roach2 '
  --hostname=roach2 '
  --net=roachnet '
  -p 26258:26258 '
  -p 8081:8081 '
  -v "roach2:/cockroach/cockroach-data" '
  cockroachdb/cockroach:v22.2.19 start '
    --advertise-addr=roach2:26357 '
    --http-addr=roach2:8081 '
    --listen-addr=roach2:26357 '
    --sql-addr=roach2:26258 '
    --insecure '
    --join=roach1:26357,roach2:26357,roach3:26357
```

Start the third node and configure it to listen on roach3:26259 for SQL clients and roach2:8082 for the DB Console and to publish these ports, and to use roach3:26357for inter-node traffic. The offsets for the published ports avoid conflicts with roach1's and roach2's published ports. The named volume roach3 is mounted in the container at /cockroach/cockroach-data.

docker run -d '
  --name=roach3 '
  --hostname=roach3 '
  --net=roachnet '
  -p 26259:26259 '
  -p 8082:8082 '
  -v "roach3:/cockroach/cockroach-data" '
  cockroachdb/cockroach:v22.2.19 start '
    --advertise-addr=roach3:26357 '
    --http-addr=roach3:8082 '
    --listen-addr=roach3:26357 '
    --sql-addr=roach3:26259 '
    --insecure '
    --join=roach1:26357,roach2:26357,roach3:26357

Perform a one-time initialization of the cluster. This example runs the cockroach init command from within the roach1 container, but you can run it from any container or from an external system that can reach the Docker host.

cockroach init connects to the node's --advertise-addr, rather than the node's --sql-addr. Replace roach1:26357 with the node's --advertise-addr value. This example runs the cockroach command directly on a cluster node, but you can run it from any system that can connect to the Docker host.
```
docker exec -it roach1 ./cockroach --host=roach1:26357 init --insecure
```
The following message displays:
```
Cluster successfully initialized
```
Each node also prints helpful startup details to its log. For example, the following command runs the grep command from within the roach1 container to display lines in its /cockroach-data/logs/cockroach.log log file that contain the string node starting and the next 11 lines.
```
docker exec -it roach1 grep 'node starting' /cockroach-data/logs/cockroach.log -A 11
```
The output will look something like this:
```
CockroachDB node starting at 
build:               CCL v22.2.19 @ 2024-02-26 00:00:00 (go1.19.6)
webui:               http://roach1:8080
sql:                 postgresql://root@roach1:26357?sslmode=disable
client flags:        /cockroach/cockroach <client cmd> --host=roach1:26357
logs:                /cockroach/cockroach-data/logs
temp dir:            /cockroach/cockroach-data/cockroach-temp273641911
external I/O path:   /cockroach/cockroach-data/extern
store[0]:            path=/cockroach/cockroach-data
status:              initialized new cluster
clusterID:           1a705c26-e337-4b09-95a6-6e5a819f9eec
nodeID:              1
```

Step 4. Use the built-in SQL client

Now that your cluster is live, you can use any node as a SQL gateway. To test this out, let's use the docker exec command to start the built-in SQL shell in the roach1 container.

Start the SQL shell in a container or from an external system that can reach the Docker host. Set --host to the Docker host's IP address and use any of the ports where nodes are listening for SQL connections, 26257, 26258, or 26259. This example connects the SQL shell within the roach1 container to roach2:26258. You could also connect to roach3:26259.
```
docker exec -it roach1 ./cockroach sql --host=roach2:26258 --insecure
```
Run some basic CockroachDB SQL statements:
```
> CREATE DATABASE bank;
```
```
> CREATE TABLE bank.accounts (id INT PRIMARY KEY, balance DECIMAL);
```
```
> INSERT INTO bank.accounts VALUES (1, 1000.50);
```
```
> SELECT * FROM bank.accounts;
```
```
  id | balance
+----+---------+
   1 | 1000.50
(1 row)
```
Exit the SQL shell on roach1 and open a new shell on roach2:
```
> \q
```
```
docker exec -it roach2 ./cockroach --host=roach2:26258 sql --insecure
```
Run the same SELECT query as before:
```
> SELECT * FROM bank.accounts;
```
```
  id | balance
+----+---------+
   1 | 1000.50
(1 row)
```
As you can see, node 1 and node 2 behaved identically as SQL gateways.
Exit the SQL shell on node 2:
```
> \q
```

Step 5. Run a sample workload

CockroachDB also comes with a number of built-in workloads for simulating client traffic. Let's run the workload based on CockroachDB's sample vehicle-sharing application, MovR.

Note:

The cockroach workload command does not support connection or security flags like other cockroach commands. Instead, you must use a connection string at the end of the command.

Load the initial dataset on roach1:26257

docker exec -it roach1 ./cockroach workload init movr 'postgresql://root@roach1:26257?sslmode=disable'

Run the workload for 5 minutes:

docker exec -it roach1 ./cockroach workload run movr --duration=5m 'postgresql://root@roach1:26257?sslmode=disable'

Step 6. Access the DB Console

The DB Console gives you insight into the overall health of your cluster as well as the performance of the client workload.

When you started the first node's container, you mapped the node's default HTTP port 8080 to port 8080 on the Docker host, so go to http://localhost:8080. If necessary, replace localhost with the hostname or IP address of the Docker host.
On the Cluster Overview, notice that three nodes are live, with an identical replica count on each node:

This demonstrates CockroachDB's automated replication of data via the Raft consensus protocol.

Note:

Capacity metrics can be incorrect when running multiple nodes on a single machine. For more details, see this limitation.
Click Metrics to access a variety of time series dashboards, including graphs of SQL queries and service latency over time:
Use the Databases, Statements, and Jobs pages to view details about your databases and tables, to assess the performance of specific queries, and to monitor the status of long-running operations like schema changes, respectively.
Optionally verify that DB Console instances for roach2 and roach3 are reachable on ports 8081 and 8082 and show the same information as port 8080.

The CockroachDB DB Console gives you insight into the overall health of your cluster as well as the performance of the client workload.

When you started the first container/node, you mapped the node's default HTTP port 8080 to port 8080 on the host, so go to http://localhost:8080.
On the Cluster Overview, notice that three nodes are live, with an identical replica count on each node:

This demonstrates CockroachDB's automated replication of data via the Raft consensus protocol.

Note:

Capacity metrics can be incorrect when running multiple nodes on a single machine. For more details, see this limitation.
Click Metrics to access a variety of time series dashboards, including graphs of SQL queries and service latency over time:
Use the Databases, Statements, and Jobs pages to view details about your databases and tables, to assess the performance of specific queries, and to monitor the status of long-running operations like schema changes, respectively.

Step 6. Stop the cluster

Use the docker stop and docker rm commands to stop and remove the containers (and therefore the cluster). By default, docker stop sends a SIGTERM signal, waits for 10 seconds, and then sends a SIGKILL signal. Cockroach Labs recommends that you allow between 5 and 10 minutes before forcibly stopping the cockroach process, so this example sets the grace period to 5 minutes. If you do not plan to restart the cluster, you can omit -t.
```
docker stop -t 300 roach1 roach2 roach3
```
```
docker rm roach1 roach2 roach3
```
If you do not plan to restart the cluster, you can also remove the Docker volumes and the Docker network:
```
docker volume rm roach1 roach2 roach3
```
```
docker network rm roachnet
```

What's next?

Learn more about CockroachDB SQL and the built-in SQL client
Install the client driver for your preferred language
Build an app with CockroachDB
Further explore CockroachDB capabilities like fault tolerance and automated repair, multi-region performance, serializable transactions, and JSON support

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