Orchestrate CockroachDB with Docker Swarm

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This page shows you how to orchestrate the deployment and management of an insecure three-node CockroachDB cluster as a swarm of Docker Engines.

If you plan to use CockroachDB in production, we recommend using a secure cluster instead. Select Secure above for instructions.

Before you begin

Before you begin, it's helpful to review some terminology:

Feature	Description
instance	A physical or virtual machine. In this tutorial, you'll use three, one per CockroachDB node.
Docker Engine	This is the core Docker application that creates and runs containers. In this tutorial, you'll install and start Docker Engine on each of your three instances.
swarm	A swarm is a group of Docker Engines joined into a single, virtual host.
swarm node	Each member of a swarm is considered a node. In this tutorial, each instance will be a swarm node, one as the master node and the two others as worker nodes. You'll submit service definitions to the master node, which will dispatch work to the worker nodes.
service	A service is the definition of the tasks to execute on swarm nodes. In this tutorial, you'll define three services, each starting a CockroachDB node inside a container and joining it into a single cluster. Each service also ensures a stable network identity on restart via a resolvable DNS name.
overlay network	An overlay network enables communication between the nodes of a swarm. In this tutorial, you'll create an overlay network and use it in each of your services.

Step 1. Create instances

Create three instances, one for each node of your cluster.

For GCE-specific instructions, read through step 2 of Deploy CockroachDB on GCE.
For AWS-specific instructions, read through step 2 of Deploy CockroachDB on AWS.

Be sure to configure your network to allow TCP communication on these ports:

26257 for inter-node communication (i.e., working as a cluster) and connecting with applications
8080 for exposing your Admin UI

Step 2. Install Docker Engine

On each instance:

Install and start Docker Engine.
Confirm that the Docker daemon is running in the background:
```
$ sudo docker version
```

Step 3. Start the swarm

On the instance where you want to run your manager node, initialize the swarm.

Take note of the output for docker swarm init as it includes the command you'll use in the next step. It should look like this:

$ sudo docker swarm init --advertise-addr 10.142.0.2

Swarm initialized: current node (414z67gr5cgfalm4uriu4qdtm) is now a manager.

To add a worker to this swarm, run the following command:

  $ docker swarm join \
  --token SWMTKN-1-5vwxyi6zl3cc62lqlhi1jrweyspi8wblh2i3qa7kv277fgy74n-e5eg5c7ioxypjxlt3rpqorh15 \
  10.142.0.2:2377

To add a manager to this swarm, run 'docker swarm join-token manager' and follow the instructions.

On the other two instances, create a worker node joined to the swarm by running the docker swarm join command in the output from step 1, for example:

$ sudo docker swarm join \
     --token SWMTKN-1-5vwxyi6zl3cc62lqlhi1jrweyspi8wblh2i3qa7kv277fgy74n-e5eg5c7ioxypjxlt3rpqorh15 \
     10.142.0.2:2377

This node joined a swarm as a worker.

On the instance running your manager node, verify that your swarm is running:

$ sudo docker node ls

ID                           HOSTNAME    STATUS  AVAILABILITY  MANAGER STATUS
414z67gr5cgfalm4uriu4qdtm *  instance-1  Ready   Active        Leader
ae144s35dx1p1lcegh6bblyed    instance-2  Ready   Active
aivjg2joxyvzvbksjsix27khy    instance-3  Ready   Active

Step 4. Create an overlay network

On the instance running your manager node, create an overlay network so that the containers in your swarm can talk to each other:

$ sudo docker network create --driver overlay --attachable cockroachdb

The --attachable option enables non-swarm containers running on Docker to access services on the network, which makes the service easier to use interactively.

Step 5. Start the CockroachDB cluster

On the instance running your manager node, create one swarm service for each CockroachDB node:
```
# Start the first service:
$ sudo docker service create \
--replicas 1 \
--name cockroachdb-1 \
--hostname cockroachdb-1 \
--network cockroachdb \
--mount type=volume,source=cockroachdb-1,target=/cockroach/cockroach-data,volume-driver=local \
--stop-grace-period 60s \
--publish 8080:8080 \
cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12 start \
--join=cockroachdb-1:26257,cockroachdb-2:26257,cockroachdb-3:26257 \
--cache=.25 \
--max-sql-memory=.25 \
--logtostderr \
--insecure
```
```
# Start the second service:
$ sudo docker service create \
--replicas 1 \
--name cockroachdb-2 \
--hostname cockroachdb-2 \
--network cockroachdb \
--mount type=volume,source=cockroachdb-2,target=/cockroach/cockroach-data,volume-driver=local \
--stop-grace-period 60s \
cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12 start \
--join=cockroachdb-1:26257,cockroachdb-2:26257,cockroachdb-3:26257 \
--cache=.25 \
--max-sql-memory=.25 \
--logtostderr \
--insecure
```
```
# Start the third service:
$ sudo docker service create \
--replicas 1 \
--name cockroachdb-3 \
--hostname cockroachdb-3 \
--network cockroachdb \
--mount type=volume,source=cockroachdb-3,target=/cockroach/cockroach-data,volume-driver=local \
--stop-grace-period 60s \
cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12 start \
--join=cockroachdb-1:26257,cockroachdb-2:26257,cockroachdb-3:26257 \
--cache=.25 \
--max-sql-memory=.25 \
--logtostderr \
--insecure
```
These commands each create a service that starts a container, joins it to the overlay network, and starts a CockroachDB node inside the container mounted to a local volume for persistent storage. Let's look at each part:
- sudo docker service create: The Docker command to create a new service.
- --replicas: The number of containers controlled by the service. Since each service will control one container running one CockroachDB node, this will always be 1.
- --name: The name for the service.
- --hostname: The hostname of the container. It will listen for connections on this address.
- --network: The overlay network for the container to join. See Step 4. Create an overlay network for more details.
- --mount: This flag mounts a local volume with the same name as the service. This means that data and logs for the node running in this container will be stored in /cockroach/cockroach-data on the instance and will be reused on restart as long as restart happens on the same instance, which is not guaranteed.
  Note:
  If you plan on replacing or adding instances, it's recommended to use remote storage instead of local disk. To do so, create a remote volume for each CockroachDB instance using the volume driver of your choice, and then specify that volume driver instead of the volume-driver=local part of the command above, e.g., volume-driver=gce if using the GCE volume driver.
- --stop-grace-period: This flag sets a grace period to give CockroachDB enough time to shut down gracefully, when possible.
- --publish: This flag makes the Admin UI accessible at the IP of any instance running a swarm node on port 8080. Note that, even though this flag is defined only in the first node's service, the swarm exposes this port on every swarm node using a routing mesh. See Publishing ports for more details.
- cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12 start ...: The CockroachDB command to start a node in the container in insecure mode and instruct other cluster members to talk to each other using their persistent network addresses, which match the services' names.
Verify that all three services were created successfully:
```
$ sudo docker service ls
```
```
ID            NAME           MODE        REPLICAS  IMAGE
a6g0ur6857j6  cockroachdb-1  replicated  1/1       cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12
dr81a756gaa6  cockroachdb-2  replicated  1/1       cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12
il4m7op1afg9  cockroachdb-3  replicated  1/1       cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12
```
Tip:
The service definitions tell the CockroachDB nodes to log to stderr, so if you ever need access to a node's logs for troubleshooting, use sudo docker logs <container id> from the instance on which the container is running.
Now all the CockroachDB nodes are running, but we still have to explicitly tell them to initialize a new cluster together. To do so, use the sudo docker run command to run the cockroach init command against one of the nodes. The cockroach init command will initialize the cluster, bringing it into a usable state.
```
$ sudo docker run -it --rm --network=cockroachdb cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12 init --host=cockroachdb-1 --insecure
```

Step 6. Use the built-in SQL client

Use the sudo docker run command to start a new container attached to the CockroachDB network, run the built-in SQL shell, and connect it to the cluster:
```
$ sudo docker run -it --rm --network=cockroachdb cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12 sql --host=cockroachdb-1 --insecure
```
Create an insecurenodetest database:
```
> CREATE DATABASE insecurenodetest;
```
Use CTRL-D, CTRL-C, or \q to exit the SQL shell.

Step 7. Monitor the cluster

To view your cluster's Admin UI, open a browser and go to http://<any node's external IP address>:8080.

Note:

It's possible to access the Admin UI from outside of the swarm because you published port 8080 externally in the first node's service definition.

On this page, verify that the cluster is running as expected:

View Node list to ensure that all of your nodes successfully joined the cluster.
Click the Databases tab on the left to verify that insecurenodetest is listed.

Step 8. Simulate node failure

Since we have three service definitions, one for each node, Docker swarm will ensure that there are three nodes running at all times. If a node fails, Docker swarm will automatically create another node with the same network identity and storage.

To see this in action:

On any instance, use the sudo docker ps command to get the ID of the container running the CockroachDB node:

$ sudo docker ps | grep cockroachdb

9539871cc769        cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12   "/cockroach/cockroach"   10 minutes ago        Up 10 minutes         8080/tcp, 26257/tcp   cockroachdb-0.1.0wigdh8lx0ylhuzm4on9bbldq

Use sudo docker kill to remove the container, which implicitly stops the node:
```
$ sudo docker kill 9539871cc769
```

Verify that the node was restarted in a new container:

$ sudo docker ps | grep cockroachdb

4a58f86e3ced        cockroachdb/cockroach:v19.2.12   "/cockroach/cockroach"   7 seconds ago       Up 1 seconds        8080/tcp, 26257/tcp   cockroachdb-0.1.cph86kmhhcp8xzq6a1nxtk9ng

Back in the Admin UI, view the Node list and verify that all 3 nodes are live.

Step 9. Scale the cluster

To increase the number of nodes in your CockroachDB cluster:

Create an additional instance (see Step 1).
Install Docker Engine on the instance (see Step 2).
Join the instance to the swarm as a worker node (see Step 3.2).
Create a new service to start another node and join it to the CockroachDB cluster (see Step 5.1).

Step 10. Stop the cluster

To stop the CockroachDB cluster, on the instance running your manager node, remove the services:

$ sudo docker service rm cockroachdb-0 cockroachdb-1 cockroachdb-2

cockroachdb-0
cockroachdb-1
cockroachdb-2

You may want to remove the persistent volumes used by the services as well. To do this, on each instance:

# Identify the name of the local volume:
$ sudo docker volume ls

cockroachdb-0

# Remove the local volume:
$ sudo docker volume rm cockroachdb-0

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